Datatypes

Integers

unlike in other programming languages, integer numbers are unlimited in Python

means they can be of any size, however, no number may begin with 0

very_long = 124039452093423

very_long *= very_long

print(very_long)

Binary

if you want to output/store a binary number you need the 0 or 0b/0B for it and then the binaries

binarie = 0B101010

print('prints binaie 0B101010:',binarie)

Octa

literal for an octa number: 0o/0O and then the octa number

okta = 0o10

print('prints okta 0o10:',okta)

Hex

hexadecimal with: 0x/0X and then the hex number

hexa = 0x10

print('prints hexa 0x10',hexa)

Convert Hex/Bin/Oct

with the function hex/bin/oct you can convert an integer into a string which corresponds to the number in the corresponding base so for example:

x = hex(19)

type(x)

x = bin(65)

Float

numbers like: 2.34, 27.3453453 or 3,215e2

x = 2.34
y = 3.14e2  # = 3.14*10²

Complex

the data type complex complex numbers extend real numbers in such a way that

the equation x²+1 = 0 becomes solvable in mathematics these are often represented as a + b * i where a and b are the real numbers and i is the imaginary unit

in python one uses for the convention of electrical engineering a "j" as imaginary unit

x = 3 + 4j
y = 2 - 4.5j

x + y   # = (5-0.5j)

x * y   # = (24-5.5j)

Operators

Operator	Meaning
x + y	sum of x and y
x - y	difference of x and y
x * y	product of x and y
x / y	quotient of x and y
x // y	integer division
x % y	modulo or rest division
abs(x)	amount from x
x ** y	raise to the power of x, i.e. x to the power of y

with % the rest of an integer division can be determined safely

8 % 3
# 2

9 % 3
# 0

8.0 % 3
# 2.0

correlations between the integer and modulo ZeroDivisionError

x = 24
y = 7
x == (x // y) * y + (x % y)
# True

Boolean

a boolean can only pass two values True or False i.e. 0 or 1 IMPORTANT! upper/lower case

x = False
not x   # (True)

x = True
not x   # (False)

y = False
x and y # will be false  because only x is true and y is false

x or y # only one of them need to be true


x and not y # if x is true and y is false this will return true

Type Conversion

the conversion of a datatype is called type conversion/cast type conversions are needed when you want to express strings and numeric values:

string1 = 'abcd'
string2 = 'dcba'
number = 123

print(string1 + ' ' + string2 + '  number: ' + str(number))

here we have specifically converted 'number' to a string using the str function if we had not converted the integer to a string before, python would have generated a TypeError:

print(string1 + ' ' + string2 + '  number: ' + number)

# Traceback (most recent call last):
#   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
# TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

python does not support implicit type conversions as they are possible in php or perl,
but there are exceptions, for example; when we mix integer and float values in an expression
there, the integer value was implicitly converted to a float value

Determine Datatypes

to determine which class it is, you can use the built-in type function:

l = [3, 6, 9]
type(l)
# <class 'list'>

x = 4
type(x)
# <class 'int'>

x = 4.5
type(x)
# <class 'float'>

x = 'string'
type(x)
# <class 'str'>

isinstance(object, ct) an alternative to type is: "isinstance" which returns either true or false object is the object to check and ct is the class to check for

x = (3, 6, 9)
isinstance(x, tuple)
# True

if you want to find out if it is a variable or an integer you could:

x = 4
isinstance(x, int ) or isinstance(x, float)
# True

x = 4.8
isinstance(x, int ) or isinstance(x, float)
# True

with isinstance, however, this can also be done differently:

x = 4.8
isinstance(x,(int, float))
# True

x = (3, 6, 9)
isinstance(x, (list, tuple))
# True

isinstance(x, (int, float))
# False