Conventions

Unicode

In the realm of Windows internals, text strings are predominantly stored and processed in the 16-bit wide UNICODE format (UTF-16LE). To accommodate compatibility, many Windows functions accepting string parameters offer two entry points: one for Unicode (wide, 16-bit) and another for ANSI (narrow, 8-bit).

Given that Windows employs Unicode internally, opting for the ANSI (narrow version) may lead to performance issues. This is because Windows would need to convert the narrow input to Unicode, process it, and then convert the output back to ANSI.

For instance, the Windows API function CreateFile is essentially a macro that expands into:

• CreateFileA (ANSI)
• CreateFileW (Unicode, where W signifies wide)

This pattern is noticeable in many functions, with one version designated for ANSI and another for Unicode, such as CreateFileMapping A/W and CreateHardLink A/W.

note

It's essential to omit the end (A/W) when referencing these functions in the Microsoft documentation.

When referencing these functions without specifying A or W, the default version is used. This default is determined by the UNICODE macro. If UNICODE is defined, the W (wide) version is used; otherwise, the A (ANSI) version.

Example

Consider the function CreateFile. Here’s how it looks in different formats:

• CreateFileA: Uses ANSI encoding for strings.
• CreateFileW: Uses Unicode encoding for strings.

#include <windows.h>

// ANSI version
HANDLE hFileA = CreateFileA(
    "example.txt",
    GENERIC_READ,
    0,
    NULL,
    OPEN_EXISTING,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
    NULL
);

// Unicode version
HANDLE hFileW = CreateFileW(
    L"example.txt",
    GENERIC_READ,
    0,
    NULL,
    OPEN_EXISTING,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
    NULL
);

tip

By defining UNICODE before including windows.h, you ensure that the Unicode versions of the functions are used. Conversely, by not defining UNICODE (or by undefining it if it was previously defined), you ensure that the ANSI versions are used.

Ex

Windows adopts the "Ex" suffix when updating functions that are incompatible with their predecessors. The "Ex" serves as an indicator of version 2. Consequently, if a function undergoes further updates, it will bear two "Ex" suffixes.

Example

Consider the CreateFile function and its extended version CreateFileEx. The original CreateFile function might have limitations that are addressed in the extended version:

#include <windows.h>

// Original version
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(
    L"example.txt",
    GENERIC_READ,
    0,
    NULL,
    OPEN_EXISTING,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
    NULL
);

// Extended version
HANDLE hFileEx = CreateFileEx(
    L"example.txt",
    GENERIC_READ,
    0,
    NULL,
    OPEN_EXISTING,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
);

In this example, CreateFileEx might introduce additional parameters or features not present in CreateFile. When further enhancements are necessary, Microsoft could introduce another version, such as CreateFileExEx.